List of presidents of Syria
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This is a list of presidents of Syria since 1920.
List of officeholders
[edit]Syria (1922–1958)
[edit]| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Elected | Term of office | Political party | Note(s) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| Syrian Federation (under French mandate; 1922–1925) | |||||||||
| 1 | 
|
Subhi Bey Barakat صبحي بك بركات (1889–1939) |
— | 29 June 1922[1] | 1 January 1925 | 2 years, 185 days | Independent | ||
| State of Syria (under French mandate; 1925–1930) | |||||||||
| (1) |
|
Subhi Bey Barakat صبحي بك بركات (1889–1939) |
— | 1 January 1925 | 21 December 1925 | 354 days | Independent | ||
| Vacant (21 December 1925 – 9 February 1926) | |||||||||
| — | 
|
François Pierre-Alype فرانسوا بيير أليب (1886–1956) |
— | 9 February 1926 | 28 April 1926 | 78 days | Independent | ||
| 2 | 
|
Ahmad Nami أحمد نامي (1873–1962) |
— | 28 April 1926 | 15 February 1928 | 1 year, 293 days | Independent | ||
| — | .jpg)
|
Taj al-Din al-Hasani تاج الدين الحسني (1885–1943) |
— | 15 February 1928 | 14 May 1930 | 2 years, 88 days | Independent | ||
| First Syrian Republic (1930–1950) | |||||||||
| Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946) | |||||||||
| — |
|
Taj al-Din al-Hasani تاج الدين الحسني (1885–1943) |
— | 14 May 1930 | 19 November 1931 | 1 year, 189 days | Independent | ||
| — | Léon Solomiac ليون سولومياك (1873–1960) |
— | 19 November 1931 | 11 June 1932 | 205 days | Independent | |||
| 3 | 
|
Muhammad Ali Bey al-Abid محمد علي بك العابد (1867–1939) |
— | 11 June 1932 | 21 December 1936 | 4 years, 193 days | Independent | ||
| 4 | 
|
Hashim al-Atassi هاشم الأتاسي (1875–1960) |
— | 21 December 1936 | 7 July 1939 | 2 years, 198 days | National Bloc | ||
| Vacant (7 July 1939 – 10 July 1939) | |||||||||
| 5 | 
|
Bahij al-Khatib بهيج الخطيب (1895–1981) |
— | 10 July 1939 | 4 April 1941 | 1 year, 268 days | Independent | ||
| — | 
|
Khalid al-Azm خالد العظم (1903–1965) |
— | 4 April 1941 | 16 September 1941 | 165 days | Independent | ||
| 6 |
|
Taj al-Din al-Hasani تاج الدين الحسني (1885–1943) |
— | 16 September 1941 | 17 January 1943 | 1 year, 123 days | Independent | Hasani died in office.[2] | |
| — | 
|
Jamil al-Ulshi جميل الألشي (1883–1951) |
— | 17 January 1943 | 25 March 1943 | 67 days | Independent | ||
| 7 | 
|
Ata Bey al-Ayyubi عطا الأيوبي (1877–1951) |
— | 25 March 1943 | 17 August 1943 | 145 days | Independent | ||
| 8 | 
|
Shukri al-Quwatli شكري القوّتلي (1891–1967) |
— | 17 August 1943 | 17 April 1946 | 2 years, 68 days | National Bloc | ||
| Independent First Syrian Republic (1946–1950) | |||||||||
| (8) |
|
Shukri al-Quwatli شكري القوّتلي (1891–1967) |
— | 17 April 1946 | 29 March 1949 | 3 years, 156 days | National Bloc / National Party | Quwatli was ousted from power on 29 March 1949 by Husni al-Za'im, his Chief of Staff.[3] | |
| 9 | 
|
Husni al-Za'im حسني الزعيم (1897–1949) |
1949 | 30 March 1949 | 14 August 1949 | 137 days | Syrian Social Nationalist Party | Za'im was overthrown by a military coup in 1949 led by Adib Shishakli, and he was later executed on the orders of the new government.[4] | |
| 10 | 
|
Sami al-Hinnawi سامي الحناوي (1898–1950) |
— | 14 August 1949 | 15 August 1949 | 1 day | Military | ||
| 11 |
|
Hashim al-Atassi هاشم الأتاسي (1875–1960) |
— | 15 August 1949 | 5 September 1950 | 1 year, 21 days | People's Party | ||
| Second Syrian Republic (1950–1958) | |||||||||
| (11) |
|
Hashim al-Atassi هاشم الأتاسي (1875–1960) |
— | 5 September 1950 | 2 December 1951 | 1 year, 88 days | People's Party | ||
| — | 
|
Adib Shishakli أديب الشيشكلي (1909–1964) |
— | 2 December 1951 | 3 December 1951 | 1 day | Syrian Social Nationalist Party | ||
| 12 | 
|
Fawzi Selu فوزي سلو (1905–1972) |
— | 3 December 1951 | 11 July 1953 | 1 year, 220 days | Military | ||
| 13 |
|
Adib Shishakli أديب الشيشكلي (1909–1964) |
1953 | 11 July 1953 | 25 February 1954 | 229 days | Arab Liberation Movement | Shishakli resigned from office because of threats of a coup in 1954.[5] He fled the country, claiming that he did not want the country to fall into a civil war.[5] | |
| — | 
|
Maamun al-Kuzbari مأمون الكزبري (1914–1998) |
— | 25 February 1954 | 28 February 1954 | 3 days | Independent | ||
| 14 |
|
Hashim al-Atassi هاشم الأتاسي (1875–1960) |
— | 28 February 1954 | 6 September 1955 | 1 year, 190 days | People's Party | ||
| 15 |
|
Shukri al-Quwatli شكري القوّتلي (1891–1967) |
— | 6 September 1955 | 22 February 1958 | 2 years, 169 days | National Party | ||
United Arab Republic (1958–1961)
[edit]| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Elected | Term of office | Political party | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
| 1 | 
|
Gamal Abdel Nasser جمال عبد الناصر (1918–1970) |
1958 | 22 February 1958 | 29 September 1961 | 3 years, 219 days | National Union | |
Syria (1961–present)
[edit]| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Elected | Term of office | Political party | Note(s) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| Syrian Arab Republic (1961–present) | |||||||||
| Second Syrian Republic (1961–1963) | |||||||||
| — |
|
Maamun al-Kuzbari مأمون الكزبري (1914–1998) |
— | 29 September 1961 | 20 November 1961 | 52 days | Independent | Kuzbari took office following the 1961 coup d'état, which dissolved the United Arab Republic. | |
| — | 
|
Izzat al-Nuss عزت النص (1912–1976)[6] |
— | 20 November 1961 | 14 December 1961 | 24 days | Military | ||
| 1 | 
|
Nazim al-Qudsi ناظم القدسي (1906–1998) |
— | 14 December 1961 | 8 March 1963 | 1 year, 84 days | People's Party | The 1963 coup d'état, an event known as the March 8 Revolution, toppled Qudsi and brought the National Council for the Revolutionary Command (NCRC) to government, although real power lay with the Ba'athist Military Committee, which organized the coup.[7] | |
| Ba'athist Syria (1963–2024) | |||||||||
| Vacant (8 March 1963 – 9 March 1963) | |||||||||
| 2 | 
|
Lu'ay al-Atassi لؤي الأتاسي (1926–2003) |
— | 9 March 1963 | 27 July 1963 | 140 days | Independent | Atassi was appointed president by the NCRC because he posed no threat to the Military Committee's power.[8] He resigned after high-ranking non-Ba'athist officers were purged.[9] | |
| 3 | 
|
Amin al-Hafiz أمين الحافظ (1921–2009) |
— | 27 July 1963 | 23 February 1966 | 2 years, 211 days | Ba'ath Party (Syria Region) |
Hafiz was overthrown by the Military Committee because of his support for Michel Aflaq and the Ba'athist National Command.[10] | |
| Vacant (23 February 1966 – 25 February 1966) | |||||||||
| 4 | 
|
Nureddin al-Atassi نور الدين الأتاسي (1929–1992) |
— | 25 February 1966 | 18 November 1970 | 4 years, 266 days | Syrian Ba'ath Party (Syria Region) |
Atassi was overthrown when a falling out occurred between Salah Jadid, the real ruler of Syria from 1966 to 1970, and Hafez al-Assad, the Minister of Defense.[11] Assad initiated a coup in 1970, known as the Corrective Movement.[12] | |
| — | 
|
Ahmad al-Khatib أحمد الخطيب (1933–1982) |
— | 18 November 1970 | 12 March 1971 | 114 days | Syrian Ba'ath Party (Syria Region) |
||
| 5 | 
|
Hafez al-Assad حافظ الأسد (1930–2000) |
1971 1978 1985 1991 1999 |
12 March 1971 | 10 June 2000 | 29 years, 90 days | Syrian Ba'ath Party (Syria Region) |
Assad died in office.[13] | |
| — | .jpg)
|
Abdul Halim Khaddam عبدالحليم خدام (1932–2020) |
— | 10 June 2000 | 17 July 2000 | 37 days | Syrian Ba'ath Party (Syria Region) |
Khaddam constitutionally succeeded from the vice presidency, and served on an acting basis until the new confirmative referendum. | |
| 6 | 
|
Bashar al-Assad بَشَّارُ ٱلْأَسَدِ (born 1965) |
2000 2007 2014 2021 |
17 July 2000 | 8 December 2024 | 24 years, 144 days | Syrian Ba'ath Party (Syria Region) |
Assad was overthrown during the fall of Damascus in the Syrian civil war, and fled the country to Russia.[14] | |
| Transitional period (2024–present) | |||||||||
| Vacant (8 December 2024 – present) | |||||||||
Timeline
[edit]
See also
[edit]- President of Syria
- List of heads of state of Syria
- Vice President of Syria
- Prime Minister of Syria
- Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Arrêtés Nos. 1, 2 & 3, Bulletin hebdomadaire des actes administratifs du Haut-Commissariat (8 October 1922), p. 268; [1].
- ^ Moubayed 2006, p. 345.
- ^ Moubayed 2006, p. 311.
- ^ Moubayed 2006, p. 610.
- ^ a b Moubayed 2006, p. 339.
- ^ "Who's who in the Arab World". 1974.
- ^ Moubayed 2006, p. 133.
- ^ Moubayed 2006, p. 175.
- ^ Rabinovich 1972, p. 72.
- ^ Seale 1990, pp. 99–101.
- ^ Seale 1990, pp. 142–144.
- ^ Seale 1990, pp. 162–163.
- ^ Moubayed 2006, pp. 154–155.
- ^ "Syrian rebels topple President Assad, prime minister calls for free elections". Reuters. 8 December 2024.
Bibliography
[edit]- Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). Steel & Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000. Cune Press. ISBN 1-885942-40-0.
- Rabinovich, Itamar (1972). Syria Under the Ba'th, 1963–66: The Army Party Symbiosis. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-7065-1266-9.
- Seale, Patrick (1990). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520069763.
| Syrian Federation (1922–1924) |  |
|---|---|
| State of Syria (1925–1930) | |
| First Syrian Republic (1930–1950) | .svg) |
| Second Syrian Republic (1950–1958) | |
| United Arab Republic (1958–1961) | ,_Flag_of_Syria_(1980%E2%80%932024).svg) |
| Second Syrian Republic (1961–1963) | |
| Ba'athist Syria (1963–2024) | |
* acting | |